original link: http://Apiaceae.github.io/blog/2009/04/13/%E6%96%B0%E4%B9%A6-%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%A8%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/
 written by Hooker  posted at http://Apiaceae.github.io

21世纪的分类学“Taxonomy for the twenty-first century”

2004年9月，在英国皇家协会的Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological Sciences特别专刊上发表了一系列有关分类学研究现况和将来的综述文章。Allen Herre推荐这期的文章是极其有用的资源，它告诉我们什么是分类学以及他将来的发展趋势。 如下是这期专刊上文章的列表：

• Introduction by H. C. J. Godfray and S. Knapp
• Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny by Quentin D. Wheeler
• A taxonomic wish-list for community ecology by Nicholas J. Gotelli
• Protist taxonomy: an ecological perspective by Bland J. Finlay
• Stability or stasis in the names of organisms: the evolving codes of nomenclature by Sandra Knapp, Gerardo Lamas, Eimear Nic Lughadha, et al.
• Prokaryote diversity and taxonomy: current status and future challenges by Aharon Oren
• Taxonomy and fossils: a critical appraisal by Peter L. Forey, Richard A. Fortey, Paul Kenrick, et al.
• Automated species identification: why not? by Kevin J. Gaston and Mark A. O’Neill
• The promise of a DNA taxonomy by Mark L. Blaxter
• Towards a working list of all known plant species by Eimear Nic Lughadha
• Biodiversity informatics: managing and applying primary biodiversity data by Jorge Soberón and Townsend Peterson
• Unitary or unified taxonomy? by Malcolm J. Scoble
• The role of taxonomy in species conservation by Georgina M. Mace
• Taxonomy and environmental policy by Cristián Samper
• Taxonomy: where are we now? by Peter H. Raven
• Now is the time: by Daniel H. Janzen
• Tomorrow’s taxonomy: collecting new species in the field will remain the rate-limiting step by Robert M. May
• Documenting plant diversity: unfinished business by Peter R. Crane
• Taxonomy as a fundamental discipline by Edward O. Wilson

2005年10月的专刊则专门刊登了有个DNA barkoce及其在分类学应用的问题:

• “DNA barcoding of life” the 29 October 2005 issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological Sciences is devoted to papers presented at the First International Barcode Conference held at The Natural History Museum, London, 7-9 February 2005, a gathering that included 220 participants from 44 countries. By special arrangement with The Royal Society, this issue is available to members and visitors to the Consortium of the Barcode of Life site.
• Towards writing the encyclopaedia of life: an introduction to DNA barcoding by Vincent Savolainen, Robyn S. Cowan, Alfried P. Vogler, et al.
• DNA barcodes for biosecurity: invasive species identification by K.F. Armstrong and S.L. Ball
• DNA barcoding for effective biodiversity assessment of a hyperdiverse arthropod group: the ants of Madagascar by M. Alex Smith, Brian L. Fisher, Paul D.N. Hebert
• Wedding biodiversity inventory of a large and complex Lepidoptera fauna with DNA barcoding by Daniel H. Janzen, Mehrdad Hajibabaei, John M. Burns, et al.
• DNA barcoding Australia’s fish species by Robert D. Ward, Tyler S. Zemlak, Bronwyn H. Innes, et al.
• Deciphering amphibian diversity through DNA barcoding: chances and challenges by Miguel Vences, Meike Thomas, Ronald M. Bonett, et al.
• The problems and promise of DNA barcodes for species diagnosis of primate biomaterials by Joseph G. Lorenz, Whitney E. Jackson, Jeanne C. Beck, et al.
• Applying DNA barcoding to red macroalgae: a preliminary appraisal holds promise for future applications by Gary W. Saunders
• Land plants and DNA barcodes: short-term and long-term goals by Mark W. Chase, Nicolas Salamin, Mike Wilkinson, et al.
• Microcoding: the second step in DNA barcoding by R.C. Summerbell, C.A. Lévesque, K.A. Seifert, et al.
• The unholy trinity: taxonomy, species delimitation and DNA barcoding by Rob DeSalle, Mary G. Egan, Mark Siddall
• Reverse taxonomy: an approach towards determining the diversity of meiobenthic organisms based on ribosomal RNA signature sequences by Melanie Markmann and Diethard Tautz
• DNA-based species delineation in tropical beetles using mitochondrial and nuclear markers by Michael T. Monaghan, Michael Balke, T. Ryan Gregory, et al.
• Defining operational taxonomic units using DNA barcode data by Mark Blaxter, Jenna Mann, Tom Chapman, et al.
• An integrated approach to fast and informative morphological vouchering of nematodes for applications in molecular barcoding by Paul De Ley, Irma Tandingan De Ley, Krystalynne Morris, et al.
• Critical factors for assembling a high volume of DNA barcodes by Mehrdad Hajibabaei, Jeremy R. deWaard, Natalia V. Ivanova, et al.
• A likelihood ratio test for species membership based on DNA sequence data by Mikhail V. Matz and Rasmus Nielsen
• TaxI: a software tool for DNA barcoding using distance methods by Dirk Steinke, Miguel Vences, Walter Salzburger, et al.

original link: http://Apiaceae.github.io/blog/2009/04/09/21%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%9A%E7%8E%B0%E7%8A%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%86%E6%9D%A5/
 written by Hooker  posted at http://Apiaceae.github.io

为了纪念分类学之父-瑞典博物学家林奈，瑞典的研究人员专门发起了名叫Linnaeus300的网站。其中列举了目前瑞典科学家最关心的52个科学问题：

question 1: how is nanotechnology changing our lives?

Scientists are convinced that nanotechnology will enable us to monitor and control our own bodies in entirely new ways in the future. What will we be able to do ten years from now? Fifty years from now?  Read more

question 2: why do we have emotions?

Joy, grief, gnawing anxiety… We have a rich spectrum of emotions which we often see as opposites to our ability to be rational. Why has evolution provided us with these apparently irrational 'disturbances'? What's the point of feelings?  Read more

question 3: how do flowers know when it's time to bloom?

Plants lack consciousness. They cannot "know", in our sense of the word, that it's time to bloom. A Swedish researcher has found the precise gene that controls plants' flowering, thus solving a mystery that has been baffling biologists ever since the time of Carl Linnaeus. So exactly what is it that makes flowers open?  Read more

question 4: can biology explain god?

Is man an image of God or is God a human invention? Leaving aside whether you're a believer or not, it's interesting to ask why so many people believe in God. Can we learn anything from biology?  Read more

question 5: what's the smallest thing we can see?

Imagine you're out in space and scanning our solar system with your eyes. There's Eve, down on planet Earth, with an apple in her hand. Obviously you can't see her or the apple. Or can you? Nano scientists face the same astonishing size differences. The difference in size between the Earth and the apple is the same as the difference between the apple and a carbon atom in its peel!  Read more

question 6: what actually is a stem cell?

Stem cells are a medical raw material. They are as important for future medical science as forests have been for the paper industry. Without paper we wouldn't have any books. Without stem cells, we'd perhaps have to go on classifying numerous diseases as incurable.  Read more

question 7: what's so unique about humans?

Asked "what is a human being?" a biologist will answer "99% ape and 1% unknown". Only one single percent of our genetic material differentiates us from our nearest relative in the animal world, the chimpanzee. The latest research shows that this vital little one percent has to do with the brain…  Read more

question 8: how far may we go in manipulating plants?

As scientists successively reveal the genetic makeup of plants, they are also creating sharper tools for altering parts of the genetic code. What implications does this have? Advances are taking us further and further from what is 'natural'. Can we keep up?  Read more

question 9: why do children play?

Children laugh on average 400 times a day, adults 25 times. Why do we stop laughing? And why do we stop playing – most of us anyway? Is play simply a form of learning, a preparation for the future?  Read more

question 10: how do we build new molecules?

Nanotechnology is sometimes called atomic carpentry. As if it were just as easy to assemble a new molecule as it is to nail together a box with a few pieces of wood. When these pieces of wood are only millionths of a millimetre in size you realise that it can't be that easy!  Read more

question 11: who cares about the swamps?

   original link:
   <a href='http://Apiaceae.github.io/blog/2009/04/09/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E5%BF%83%E7%9A%8452%E4%B8%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/'>http://Apiaceae.github.io/blog/2009/04/09/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E5%BF%83%E7%9A%8452%E4%B8%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/</a><br/>
   &nbsp;written by <a href='http://Apiaceae.github.io'>Hooker</a>
   &nbsp;posted at <a href='http://Apiaceae.github.io'>http://Apiaceae.github.io</a>
   </p>

<tbody>
    <tr>
        <td id="MainColumnCell">
        <div id="MainColumn">
        <div id="LegacyContent">
        <h2>Happy 300th Birthday, Linnaeus</h2><strong>John Bohannon</strong> 
        <div class="Gonzo">
        <div class="Section">
        <div id="About">
        <img src="http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/misc/webfeat/gonzoscientist/images/bohannon_portrait.jpg" alt="John Bohannon" width="105" height="153" /> 
        <p>
        <em>A series of reports on connections between science, culture, and the arts from</em> Science <em>Contributing Correspondent John Bohannon, who, in true <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5851/752b#" onclick="toggleElement('GonzoDef');return false">gonzo</a> style, will participate in the events he covers. </em>
        </p>
        <div id="GonzoDef">
        <p class="closer">
        <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5851/752b#" onclick="toggleElement('GonzoDef');return false">Close window<img src="http://www.sciencemag.org/icons/closer.gy.10.gif" alt="close this" width="10" height="10" /></a> 
        </p>
        <img src="http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/misc/webfeat/gonzoscientist/images/gonzodef.gif" alt="Definition of 'gonzo'" width="237" height="253" /> 
        </div>
        <p>
        &nbsp;
        </p>
        <ul class="LinkList">
            <li style="font-size: 85%"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/gonzoscientist/">All articles in the series</a> </li>
        </ul>
        </div>
        <p>
        <img class="Logo" src="http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/misc/webfeat/gonzoscientist/images/gonzologo_120.jpg" alt="The Gonzo Scientst" width="120" height="157" /> <span class="drop">O</span>ne thing was clear to me by the time &Aring;ke Bruce entered the room wearing a powdered wig and finery: This was by far the strangest birthday party I had ever attended. 
        </p>
        <p>
        The birthday boy, Carl Linnaeus, is long dead--he was born 300 years ago. But to mark this nicely round number, Sweden was determined to throw a party befitting one of her most famous scientific sons. He is best known as the inventor of modern taxonomy, the Latin names that divide organisms into species based on shared traits. The innovation helped pave the way for Darwinism a century later. But like a rock star who is only remembered for that one catchy song, Linnaeus&#39;s numerous other contributions are appreciated only by the groupies. 
        </p>
        <p>
        He invented field biology. Linnaeus named thousands of species himself and trained a generation of biologists who journeyed to the four corners of the world in search of the rest. (Half of them died in the process.) And that&#39;s not all. He helped local astronomer Anders Celsius design the modern thermometer. He wrote important treatises on physiology, history, and economics--and the list goes on. There seemed to be no academic realm the Swede left untouched. So it was not surprising that while I was in Sweden, there were no fewer than three Linnaeus-celebratory conferences under way. 
        </p>
        <p>
        Bruce wanted his party to stand out. As a nutrition scientist at the Swedish National Food Administration, he knew just how to do it. &quot;Linnaeus was passionate about food and diet,&quot; he says, and not just as an epicurean or a &quot;foodie.&quot; Based on the man&#39;s published works, says Bruce, food--its origins, how best to prepare and serve it, and its effects on health--lay at the intersection of all of Linnaeus&#39;s interests. 
        </p>
        <p>
        So for the past 3 years, Bruce has led a team of Swedish researchers to prepare the ultimate Linnean foodfest. Scholars from around the world were invited to explore the culture and science of food in the time of Linnaeus, as well as the progress that food science has made 300 years hence. And to get everyone in the proper frame of mind, master chefs collaborated. 
        </p>
        <p>
        The output was 3 days of food-related lectures by diverse experts--biochemists, historians, agricultural scientists, and psychologists--punctuated by recreations of 18th century meals. And to entertain us, Bruce wrote a play based on Linnaeus&#39;s journals and correspondence. The 10 roles were divvied up, with Bruce playing Linnaeus. His wife, Ingar Ribbe Bruce, not only performed in the play, but she also designed and handmade all the period costumes for the troupe. (She is a surgeon at Uppsala University Hospital when not acting or sewing.) 
        </p>
        <p>
        For the title of the event, Bruce turned to a treatise by Linnaeus in which he compares the food culture of his time with that of ancient Rome and Athens: <em>Culina Mutata</em>, the changing kitchen. 
        </p>
        <div id="Contents" style="height: 210px">
        <div id="ContentsImage">
        <img style="border: 0px" src="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol318/issue5851/images/small/752b-1-thumb.jpg" alt="Figure 1; all illustrations by Katrien Kolenberg" width="237" height="175" /> 
        <p class="credit">
        <strong>All illustrations by Katrien Kolenberg</strong> 
        </p>
        </div>
        <h3>What&#39;s Ahead</h3>
        <ul class="PoundDownNav">
            <li><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5851/752b#section1">Better than Gruel</a> </li>
            <li><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5851/752b#section2">The Crayfish Mystery</a> </li>
            <li><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5851/752b#section3">The Cartesian War on Fat</a> </li>
            <li><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5851/752b#section4">The Royal Banquet</a> </li>
        </ul>
        <p>
        <strong>Also see:</strong><br />
        <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/gonzoscientist/episode2/audioslides.html" target="show" onclick="window.open('/sciext/gonzoscientist/episode2/audioslides.html', 'show', config='height=610,width=810,location=0,scrollbars=1,resizable=1,toolbar=0,status=0,top=0,left=0'); return false">Audio Slideshow: Happy 300th Birthday, Linnaeus!</a> 
        </p>
        </div>
        </div>
        <a name="section1" title="section1"></a>
        <div class="Section">
        <p>
        <span class="drop">W</span>hat people ate in 18th century Europe depended on their place in the social order. The diet of a farmhand was strikingly different from that of a Swedish nobleman just down the road. So the meals, researched and designed by food scholar Gunilla Lindell, provided a kind of walking tour through late Baroque society. We worked our way up through the strata, starting from the bottom with a peasant&#39;s lunch. 
        </p>
        <p>
        And here was my first surprise. What comes to mind when you think of peasant food? For me, it&#39;s a steaming bowl of gray gruel. But I would be proud to serve this sm&ouml;rg&aring;sbord for my own birthday. To wake up the tongue, it began with salted herring and fresh onion. (The fish was prepared as in the time of Linnaeus, even saltier than what you find today--so &quot;shock&quot; the tongue is more accurate.) Balancing this blast of flavor were green peas and an addictive warm salad of pearl barley, parsley, and pork. Then came a sort of light omelet with embedded crayfish morsels, washed down with a drink made from lightly fermented juniper berries, and rounded off with a creamy dried plum tapioca. 
        </p>
        <div class="Left EdPromo">
        <h3>Additional Feature:<br />
        Audio Slideshow</h3>
        <p>
        <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/gonzoscientist/episode2/audioslides.html" target="show" onclick="window.open('http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/gonzoscientist/episode2/audioslides.html', 'show', config='height=610,width=810,location=0,scrollbars=1,resizable=1,toolbar=0,status=0,top=0,left=0'); return false"><img src="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol318/issue5851/images/small/752b-2-thumb.jpg" alt="Figure2; Audio Slideshow" width="150" height="121" /></a> 
        </p>
        <p style="padding-bottom: 5px; border-bottom: #ccc 1px solid">
        John Bohannon narrat<p class='post-footer'>
   original link:
   <a href='http://Apiaceae.github.io/blog/2009/04/08/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97-%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88300%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%97%A5/'>http://Apiaceae.github.io/blog/2009/04/08/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97-%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88300%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%97%A5/</a><br/>
   &nbsp;written by <a href='http://Apiaceae.github.io'>Hooker</a>
   &nbsp;posted at <a href='http://Apiaceae.github.io'>http://Apiaceae.github.io</a>
   </p>